ISSUE 110
EDITORIAL BY Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé
ENGLISH VERSION
Elections 2020: Minimal and Urgent Agreements
As Bolivians, we need far-reaching political agreements in order to overcome the pandemic and the current political and economic crisis. In my experience as an interim president of Bolivia, I learned that with timely and transparent elections, it is possible to renew and restore the organs of the state through agreements made between all of the main political actors in the country. This happened after President Mesa’s resignation in 2005. Despite the lack of partisan support in the Congress of the Republic of Bolivia, I was able to negotiate, call general elections, hold regional referendums, elect prefects and call for a constituent assembly. Thus, due to this pact between the different parties and governmental bodies that my government organised, stable and fair elections were held and an orderly transition to the new elected regime occurred.
Unfortunately, another political crisis arose in 2019. With President Morales stepping down at a time of extreme social divide, it became apparent that there was an urgent need for an interim government that could swiftly arrange new elections. Añez’s government did not satisfy this need. Two factors hindered the transition into a stable governance: firstly, the interim president decided to become a presidential candidate herself, which affected the effectiveness and neutrality of the transition. Secondly, a factor that no one could have foreseen was Covid-19, which revealed that the country did not have the sanitary or medical conditions to face the pandemic and triggered devastating economic repercussions.
During times of crisis, it is fundamental to preserve democratic order and the well-being of the majority of the population. In democratic states, ideological differences and power struggles must be dealt with through dialogue, organisation, cooperation and solidarity between opposing parties. When a crisis affects the majority of the country’s population,
democratic leaders have the utmost duty of suspending their partisan and personal interests in order to fight for the greater good. Thus, political representatives must put aside their differences and agree on solutions to sustain the functioning of the state. History has proven that it is not just the electoral results, judicial decisions or mass protests that have single-handedly resolved conflict and generated the best public policies. Good governors do not seek popularity or media coverage. This will happen organically when those who are democratically elected to govern use this power to protect the people who voted them in. However, political stubbornness which excludes and blames others creates barriers for constructive national debates and hinders democracy and agreement.
Bolivians are having to face one of the worst, if not the worst, crisis in our country’s history: the pandemic has put everyone's life and health at risk and we are still struggling to meet the minimum conditions necessary to face it. Schools and universities have closed their classrooms, virtual teaching exposes social inequalities that obstruct certain sectors from accessing internet and technology. Our economy has been weakened to the point that we are dependent on external credit to cover current spending and our main sources of income that sustain public interest have been seriously affected. Public and private companies have dramatically reduced or closed down activity which has generated unemployment, a job crisis and more poverty.
Instability and crisis are tackled by creating pacts and sacrifices made for the greater good of a country. These values are what we expect from politicians. In the same way that citizens are obliged to attend elections, political leaders are obliged to offer society a minimum set of electoral agreements that correspond to the severity of the crises that we have experienced in the last year.
It is a crucial moment for governing bodies to address the following issues:
1) HEALTH: to guarantee sanitary conditions at a national and local level. To provide human, financial and material resources to face the pandemic as well as to guarantee reliable health coverage for all Bolivians.
2) EDUCATION: to educate our younger generations with the sufficient resources at all levels, to ensure their education in the face of the challenges of a new era of uncertainty and poverty.
3) JUSTICE: to have an accessible, independent and efficient judicial service, with updated and current legislation that safeguards human rights and guarantees legal security for all, without political interference.
4) ECONOMY: to have a stable and sustainable economy, with alternatives to substitute and improve national income and a good management of natural resources. To ensure public policies that reduce poverty and inequality, with better tax conditions to promote growth and job opportunities.
The crisis opens a new opportunity for politics to become a useful tool for society. Therefore, politics and politicians have to negotiate and find ways to accommodate the greater good of the Bolivian people.
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VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL
Elecciones nacionales: Acuerdos mínimos y urgentes
Nosotros, los bolivianos, necesitamos acuerdos políticos trascendentales para sobrevivir la Pandemia y la actual crisis política y económica. En mi experiencia como presidente transitorio aprendí que con elecciones oportunas y transparentes es posible renovar y restaurar los órganos del estado a través de acuerdos entre todos los principales actores políticos del país. Así sucedió en 2005, tras la renuncia del presidente Mesa. A pesar de la falta de respaldo partidario en el Congreso de la República, logré acordar con éste la reducción de su mandato, convocar a comicios generales, celebrar referendos autonómicos, elección de prefectos y consolidar la convocatoria a una Asamblea Constituyente. Así, gracias al gran pacto entre los distintos partidos y órganos gubernamentales que organizó mi gobierno, es que se celebraron elecciones correctas e imparciales y se operó una transición ordenada al nuevo régimen electo.
Lamentablemente en 2019 se repitió la crisis política. La renuncia del presidente Morales y la polarización social generaron la urgente necesidad de un régimen que debía convocar a elecciones de inmediato. El gobierno de Añez no satisfació esta necesidad. Dos factores obstaculizaron este tránsito: uno fue la decisión de la presidenta de candidatear a la Presidencia, lo que afecta a la eficacia y neutralidad propias de la transición. Y otro es la inesperada pandemia del Covid-19 que develó la insuficiencia de condiciones sanitarias para enfrentarla y afectando el desarrollo económico del país.
La premisa fundamental en escenarios de crisis es preservar el orden democrático y el bienestar de la mayoría de la población. En democracia, las diferencias propias de la pluralidad ideológica o las aspiraciones de poder deben resolverse a través del diálogo, la coordinación y la cooperación solidaria, especialmente entre los opuestos. Cuando una crisis afecta a la mayoría de la población, el máximo deber de todos los líderes democráticos es suspender sus intereses partidarios y personales en favor del bien común. Así, estos deben dejar de lado sus diferencias y concertar soluciones para sostener el funcionamiento del estado. La historia ha demostrado que no son los resultados electorales, los fallos judiciales o las protestas, las que por sí mismas resuelven la convivencia y generan las mejores políticas públicas. El buen gobierno no busca popularidad ni cobertura mediática. Esto sucederá cuando aquellos elegidos democráticamente para gobernar utilicen el poder para proteger al pueblo que los eligió. Pero el actual empecinamiento en la exclusión y la recriminación truncan el debate constructivo e impiden lograr consensos para el futuro.
Los bolivianos enfrentamos una de las peores, sino la peor crisis de nuestra historia: La pandemia del Covid-19 ha puesto en riesgo la vida y la salud de todos y no contamos todavía con las condiciones mínimas para enfrentarla. Las escuelas y universidades han cerrado sus aulas, la actividad virtual tiene deficiencias y asimetrías en el acceso a los medios. La economía del Estado está debilitada al punto de que se anuncia la dependencia de los créditos externos para cubrir el gasto corriente y los principales rubros de ingreso para sostener la renta pública están seriamente afectados. Empresas públicas y privadas reducen o cierran actividades generando desempleo, crisis laboral y más pobreza.
Las grandes crisis se enfrentan con pactos generales y con la grandeza que viene del sacrificio por el bien común. Estos valores son los que deben mostrar las figuras políticas. Así como los ciudadanos estamos obligados a concurrir a las elecciones, los candidatos están obligados a ofrecer a la sociedad un conjunto mínimo de acuerdos electorales que correspondan a la gravedad de las crisis que vivimos en el último año.
Es una oportunidad impostergable para generar pactos o acuerdos de contenidos generales y eficaces sobre:
1) SALUD, para garantizar las condiciones sanitarias a nivel nacional y subnacional, recursos humanos, financieros y materiales para atender la pandemia y aquellas necesarias para garantizar una cobertura de salud confiable para todos los bolivianos,
2) EDUCACIÓN, para atender la formación de la juventud con suficientes recursos en todos sus niveles, para asegurar su formación frente a los desafíos de una nueva era de incertidumbre y pobreza,
3) JUSTICIA, para contar con un servicio accesible, independiente y eficaz, con legislación actualizada y armonizada que resguarde los derechos humanos y garantice la seguridad jurídica de todos, sin intromisión política.
4) Una ECONOMÍA, estable y sostenible, provista de alternativas para sustituir y mejorar los ingresos nacionales y la gestión de los recursos naturales; con políticas públicas para reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad; con mejores condiciones impositivas para fomentar el crecimiento y las oportunidades laborales.
La crisis abre una nueva oportunidad para que la política se convierta en un instrumento útil para la sociedad. Por eso, la política y los políticos tienen que encontrar una vocación por el bien común nacional.
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